Applying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful, chronic disorder and there is currently an unmet need for effective therapies that will benefit a wide range of patients. The research and development process for therapies and treatments currently involves in vivo studies, which have the potential to cause discomfort, pain or distress. This Working Group report focuses on identifying causes of sufferingwithin commonly used mouse and rat ‘models’ of RA, describing practical refinements to help reduce suffering and improve welfare without compromising the scientific objectives. The report also discusses other, relevant topics including identifying and minimising sources of variation within in vivo RA studies, the potential to provide pain relief including analgesia, welfare assessment, humane endpoints, reporting standards and the potential to replace animals in RA research

Applying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful, chronic disorder and there is currently an unmet need for effective therapies that will benefit a wide range of patients. The research and development process for therapies and treatments currently involves in vivo studies, which have the potential to cause discomfort, pain or distress. This Working Group report focuses on identifying causes of suffering within commonly used mouse and rat ‘models’ of RA, describing practical refinements to help reduce suffering and improve welfare without compromising the scientific objectives. The report also discusses other, relevant topics including identifying and minimising sources of variation within in vivo RA studies, the potential to provide pain relief including analgesia, welfare assessment, humane endpoints, reporting standards and the potential to replace animals in RA research

Developments of DIC techniques for propeller blade deformation measurements and in-flight applications

For the development of design tools for the optimization of advanced propulsion system adequate validation data is required. Especially measurements on aircraft engines and their components are a special challenge. With increasing fan diameters or Open Rotor concepts the knowledge of the blade deformation becomes more significant. Within the Cross-Demonstrator- (XDC-) activities Large Passenger Aircraft (LPA) Platform the optical non-intrusive DIC-method IPCT of the DLR was further developed with special focus on blade deformation measurements and in-flight application. This included the further development of tools to optimize the measurement set-up as well as the improvement of the evaluation software and post -processing routines. Within the paper it is demonstrated on blade deformation measurements performed on a rotor test stand and measurements on the Dassault Falcon 2000EX DLR-ISTAR

Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT)

Displacement measurement methods based on optical image recording and its digital correlation entered their industrial application phase thanks to the constant computer development. Nowadays, in laboratory conditions especially, they supplant such techniques as moiré method, photo-stress method and electric strain gages in certain examples. Nonetheless, application in the field conditions, such as inflight tests, is still restricted by the operational and accuracy demands. The AIM and AIM2 consortia have developed one of the methods based on photogrammetry combined with digital image correlation, which was originally invented in DLR and named IPCT, for wing deformation measurements. The aim in this field was to develop IPCT to the TRL9 for the in-flight test application by industry which was demonstrated by several reference missions

AIM² A Continuation towards Innovation

The European Collaborative Project AIM² - Advanced Measurement Techniques 2 was launched on October 2010 with a project duration of 3 ½ years. The precedent EU project AIM was intended to make advanced, non-intrusive measurement techniques applicable for flight testing. It presented possibilities to measure wing and rotor deformation, surface pressure distribution, heat distribution and flow velocity fields in a non-intrusive way and with a minimal sensor setup. AIM also identified major challenges to be coped with before the demonstrated measurement techniques can leave the research and development level and become state-of-theart measurement techniques for industrial use

Optical In-Flight Wing Deformation Measurements with the Image Pattern Correlation Technique

This chapter addresses image based deformation measurements and the development of specific optical deformation metrology for experimental flight test installations. Apart from the technical background it is a contribution to the national funded research projects FTEG-InnoLA and HINVA (LuFo IV). Based on a standard setup the measurement equipment required to perform the Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT) was adapted to an application on an ultralight aircraft. In order to design the test setup a digital camera mock-up (camera DMU) was used. The analysis of selected flight test data proved the capability of the miniaturized IPCT system.Asecond flight test setupwas developed for the DLR research aircraft Airbus A320 “ATRA” using the experience gained from the ultralight measurements. Here, the design of the IPCT components also made use of the camera DMU. Both the overall wing deformation and that of high lift devices have been measured in high-lift configuration

Optische Flügeldeformationsmessungen mit der Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT) im Freiflug

Dieser Beitrag behandelt ein optisches Deformationsmessverfahren für Flugzeugstrukturen im Freiflug und ist dehalb in den Fachbereich der Entwicklung von spezieller Messtechnik für Flugversuche und somit in den Fachkreis Experimentelle Simulation und Versuchstechniken einzuordnen

Recent Development of Advanced In-Flight Measurement Techniques

Nowadays, advanced optical measurement methods for wind tunnel or laboratory applications become more and more sophisticated and relatively easy to employ, even in complex industrial experimental environments. Hence, the European research project AIM (Advanced In-flight Measurement Techniques) of the 6th Framework Program of the European Community intended to transfer the present experiences of optical deformation and flow measurement tools to flight tests in order to determine pressure distribution, thermal loads, wing and propeller deformations as well as velocity fields at real aircraft and flight Reynolds numbers. This presentation will give a brief overview about the objectives and measurement campaigns carried out by the 11 partner organisations coming from industrial enterprises and research institutions

Do you like Toulouse or: How to make optical wing deformation measurements happen on large transport aircraft

Due to its significant impact to the aerodynamics of an aircraft, the deformation of wings and control surfaces is of high interest. The optical method IPCT (Image Pattern Correlation Technique) is a new advanced in-flight measurement technique that enables measuring the in-flight shape and the deformation of these elements in a non-intrusive way. The flight test instrumentation for the IPCT can easily be installed to the aircraft and the measurement procedure itself is quite simple. Within this contribution two IPCT measurement campaigns on large transport aircraft, namely an Airbus A380 and an Airbus A320 are presented. In the first part of the presented paper, the measurement technique IPCT itself and the required instrumentation are described briefly. The following main part of the paper focusses on the hardware integration and the flight test activities including the struggle with different challenges that appeared during the qualification and the tests such as sticking dot patterns and markers on the wing and keeping a calibrated camera system calibrated. Finally some measurement results and a list of lessons learned are given